Livonian War
978-613-3-86544-0
613386544X
108
2010-11-11
39,00 €
eng
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Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. The Livonian War of 1558–1583 was a lengthy series of wars between the Tsardom of Russia and a variable coalition of Denmark–Norway, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Kingdom of Poland , and Sweden for control of medieval Livonia, the territory of the present-day Estonia and Latvia. By the late 1550s, the Livonian Confederation disintegrated over a series of internal disputes, while its Eastern neighbour Russia had grown stronger after annexing the khanates of Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556). The conflict between Russia and the Western powers was exacerbated by Russia's isolation from sea trade. Nor could the tsar hire qualified labour in Europe. Competition for the Baltic coast with Sweden had escalated into open war in 1554, interrupted only by a fragile truce in March 1557.
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