Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Actuarial science is the discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries. Actuaries are professionals who are qualified in this field through education and experience. In many countries, actuaries must demonstrate their competence by passing a series of rigorous professional examinations. Actuarial science includes a number of interrelating subjects, including probability, mathematics, statistics, finance, economics, financial economics and computer programming. Historically, actuarial science used deterministic models in the construction of tables and premiums.